Pandas Profiling Report

Dataset statistics

Number of variables	11
Number of observations	462
Missing cells	0
Missing cells (%)	0.0%
Duplicate rows	0
Duplicate rows (%)	0.0%
Total size in memory	39.8 KiB
Average record size in memory	88.3 B

Variable types

Numeric	9
Categorical	2

Alerts

`adiposity` is highly correlated with `obesity` and 1 other fields	High correlation
`obesity` is highly correlated with `adiposity`	High correlation
`age` is highly correlated with `tobacco` and 1 other fields	High correlation
`tobacco` is highly correlated with `age`	High correlation
`names` is uniformly distributed	Uniform
`names` has unique values	Unique
`tobacco` has 107 (23.2%) zeros	Zeros
`alcohol` has 110 (23.8%) zeros	Zeros

Reproduction

Analysis started	2022-11-01 20:24:22.426650
Analysis finished	2022-11-01 20:24:40.103651
Duration	17.68 seconds
Software version	pandas-profiling v3.4.0
Download configuration	config.json

names
Real number (ℝ_≥0)

UNIFORM
UNIQUE

Distinct	462
Distinct (%)	100.0%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Infinite	0
Infinite (%)	0.0%
Mean	231.9350649

Minimum	1
Maximum	463
Zeros	0
Zeros (%)	0.0%
Negative	0
Negative (%)	0.0%
Memory size	3.7 KiB

Quantile statistics

Minimum	1
5-th percentile	24.05
Q1	116.25
median	231.5
Q3	347.75
95-th percentile	439.95
Maximum	463
Range	462
Interquartile range (IQR)	231.5

Descriptive statistics

Standard deviation	133.9385851
Coefficient of variation (CV)	0.5774831207
Kurtosis	-1.203538107
Mean	231.9350649
Median Absolute Deviation (MAD)	116
Skewness	0.001436279421
Sum	107154
Variance	17939.54458
Monotonicity	Strictly increasing

Histogram with fixed size bins (bins=50)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
1	1	0.2%
319	1	0.2%
317	1	0.2%
316	1	0.2%
315	1	0.2%
314	1	0.2%
313	1	0.2%
312	1	0.2%
311	1	0.2%
310	1	0.2%
Other values (452)	452	97.8%

Minimum 10 values
Maximum 10 values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
1	1	0.2%
2	1	0.2%
3	1	0.2%
4	1	0.2%
5	1	0.2%
6	1	0.2%
7	1	0.2%
8	1	0.2%
9	1	0.2%
10	1	0.2%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
463	1	0.2%
462	1	0.2%
461	1	0.2%
460	1	0.2%
459	1	0.2%
458	1	0.2%
457	1	0.2%
456	1	0.2%
455	1	0.2%
454	1	0.2%

sbp
Real number (ℝ_≥0)

Distinct	62
Distinct (%)	13.4%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Infinite	0
Infinite (%)	0.0%
Mean	5.532204944 × 10^-5

Minimum	2.104199983 × 10^-5
Maximum	9.802960494 × 10^-5
Zeros	0
Zeros (%)	0.0%
Negative	0
Negative (%)	0.0%
Memory size	3.7 KiB

Quantile statistics

Minimum	2.104199983 × 10^-5
5-th percentile	3.228305785 × 10^-5
Q1	4.565376187 × 10^-5
median	5.56916908 × 10^-5
Q3	6.50364204 × 10^-5
95-th percentile	7.971938776 × 10^-5
Maximum	9.802960494 × 10^-5
Range	7.698760511 × 10^-5
Interquartile range (IQR)	1.938265853 × 10^-5

Descriptive statistics

Standard deviation	1.430315091 × 10^-5
Coefficient of variation (CV)	0.2585434027
Kurtosis	-0.1226353987
Mean	5.532204944 × 10^-5
Median Absolute Deviation (MAD)	9.344729596 × 10^-6
Skewness	0.063303759
Sum	0.02555878684
Variance	2.045801259 × 10^-10
Monotonicity	Not monotonic

Histogram with fixed size bins (bins=50)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
5.406574394 × 10^-5	29	6.3%
5.56916908 × 10^-5	29	6.3%
6.103515625 × 10^-5	25	5.4%
5.739210285 × 10^-5	24	5.2%
7.181844298 × 10^-5	21	4.5%
6.50364204 × 10^-5	21	4.5%
5.917159763 × 10^-5	20	4.3%
6.298815823 × 10^-5	20	4.3%
5.25099769 × 10^-5	18	3.9%
6.718624026 × 10^-5	17	3.7%
Other values (52)	238	51.5%

Minimum 10 values
Maximum 10 values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
2.104199983 × 10^-5	1	0.2%
2.143347051 × 10^-5	1	0.2%
2.183596821 × 10^-5	1	0.2%
2.311390533 × 10^-5	3	0.6%
2.356489773 × 10^-5	2	0.4%
2.5 × 10^-5	1	0.2%
2.550760127 × 10^-5	1	0.2%
2.657030503 × 10^-5	2	0.4%
2.770083102 × 10^-5	2	0.4%
2.829334541 × 10^-5	1	0.2%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
9.802960494 × 10^-5	1	0.2%
9.611687812 × 10^-5	1	0.2%
9.425959091 × 10^-5	1	0.2%
8.8999644 × 10^-5	3	0.6%
8.573388203 × 10^-5	7	1.5%
8.416799933 × 10^-5	1	0.2%
8.26446281 × 10^-5	4	0.9%
7.971938776 × 10^-5	7	1.5%
7.694675285 × 10^-5	12	2.6%
7.431629013 × 10^-5	8	1.7%

tobacco
Real number (ℝ_≥0)

HIGH CORRELATION
ZEROS

Distinct	214
Distinct (%)	46.3%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Infinite	0
Infinite (%)	0.0%
Mean	1.260969685

Minimum	0
Maximum	3.959695934
Zeros	107
Zeros (%)	23.2%
Negative	0
Negative (%)	0.0%
Memory size	3.7 KiB

Quantile statistics

Minimum	0
5-th percentile	0
Q1	0.3074151682
median	1.319507911
Q3	1.977630156
95-th percentile	2.745518255
Maximum	3.959695934
Range	3.959695934
Interquartile range (IQR)	1.670214988

Descriptive statistics

Standard deviation	0.9426485881
Coefficient of variation (CV)	0.7475584857
Kurtosis	-0.8942315863
Mean	1.260969685
Median Absolute Deviation (MAD)	0.7281646003
Skewness	0.1347283054
Sum	582.5679944
Variance	0.8885863606
Monotonicity	Not monotonic

Histogram with fixed size bins (bins=50)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
0	107	23.2%
2.047672511	11	2.4%
1.551845574	10	2.2%
0.6931448432	8	1.7%
1.741101127	8	1.7%
1.825093026	7	1.5%
1.775414311	7	1.5%
2.701920077	5	1.1%
0.8151931096	5	1.1%
1.319507911	5	1.1%
Other values (204)	289	62.6%

Minimum 10 values
Maximum 10 values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
0	107	23.2%
0.1584893192	1	0.2%
0.2091279105	1	0.2%
0.2459509486	1	0.2%
0.2759459323	2	0.4%
0.3017088168	4	0.9%
0.3245342223	1	0.2%
0.3451749066	1	0.2%
0.3641128406	2	0.4%
0.381677891	1	0.2%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
3.959695934	1	0.2%
3.759241489	1	0.2%
3.624478073	1	0.2%
3.314454017	2	0.4%
3.287777572	1	0.2%
3.277689744	1	0.2%
3.260772438	1	0.2%
3.191747708	1	0.2%
3.177671523	1	0.2%
3.031433133	1	0.2%

ldl
Real number (ℝ_≥0)

Distinct	329
Distinct (%)	71.2%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Infinite	0
Infinite (%)	0.0%
Mean	1.159086711

Minimum	0.9979817686
Maximum	1.313875503
Zeros	0
Zeros (%)	0.0%
Negative	0
Negative (%)	0.0%
Memory size	3.7 KiB

Quantile statistics

Minimum	0.9979817686
5-th percentile	1.081762775
Q1	1.126212749
median	1.158107763
Q3	1.191976466
95-th percentile	1.237224221
Maximum	1.313875503
Range	0.3158937347
Interquartile range (IQR)	0.06576371711

Descriptive statistics

Standard deviation	0.04911563628
Coefficient of variation (CV)	0.04237442792
Kurtosis	0.1886351067
Mean	1.159086711
Median Absolute Deviation (MAD)	0.03285621182
Skewness	0.02874546156
Sum	535.4980604
Variance	0.002412345727
Monotonicity	Not monotonic

Histogram with fixed size bins (bins=50)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
1.158905819	5	1.1%
1.147254341	5	1.1%
1.135708357	5	1.1%
1.136026083	4	0.9%
1.091493426	4	0.9%
1.153212478	4	0.9%
1.12681182	4	0.9%
1.188641364	3	0.6%
1.123349763	3	0.6%
1.122292153	3	0.6%
Other values (319)	422	91.3%

Minimum 10 values
Maximum 10 values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
0.9979817686	1	0.2%
1.006788805	1	0.2%
1.036414794	1	0.2%
1.044800014	1	0.2%
1.047465463	1	0.2%
1.055114548	1	0.2%
1.055729956	1	0.2%
1.056951172	1	0.2%
1.058759516	1	0.2%
1.060540482	1	0.2%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
1.313875503	1	0.2%
1.303485863	1	0.2%
1.286507018	1	0.2%
1.28090873	1	0.2%
1.277859841	1	0.2%
1.275641279	1	0.2%
1.274631487	1	0.2%
1.272932331	1	0.2%
1.266043322	1	0.2%
1.265443727	1	0.2%

adiposity
Real number (ℝ_≥0)

HIGH CORRELATION

Distinct	408
Distinct (%)	88.3%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Infinite	0
Infinite (%)	0.0%
Mean	25.4067316

Minimum	6.74
Maximum	42.49
Zeros	0
Zeros (%)	0.0%
Negative	0
Negative (%)	0.0%
Memory size	3.7 KiB

Quantile statistics

Minimum	6.74
5-th percentile	12.0065
Q1	19.775
median	26.115
Q3	31.2275
95-th percentile	37.1165
Maximum	42.49
Range	35.75
Interquartile range (IQR)	11.4525

Descriptive statistics

Standard deviation	7.780698596
Coefficient of variation (CV)	0.306245554
Kurtosis	-0.6984386244
Mean	25.4067316
Median Absolute Deviation (MAD)	5.7
Skewness	-0.2146459286
Sum	11737.91
Variance	60.53927064
Monotonicity	Not monotonic

Histogram with fixed size bins (bins=50)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
30.79	3	0.6%
27.55	3	0.6%
21.1	3	0.6%
29.3	3	0.6%
24.65	2	0.4%
29.18	2	0.4%
30.9	2	0.4%
30.11	2	0.4%
26.08	2	0.4%
32.03	2	0.4%
Other values (398)	438	94.8%

Minimum 10 values
Maximum 10 values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
6.74	1	0.2%
7.12	1	0.2%
8.66	1	0.2%
9.28	1	0.2%
9.37	1	0.2%
9.39	1	0.2%
9.64	1	0.2%
9.69	2	0.4%
9.74	1	0.2%
10.05	1	0.2%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
42.49	1	0.2%
42.17	1	0.2%
42.06	1	0.2%
41.05	1	0.2%
40.6	1	0.2%
39.97	1	0.2%
39.71	1	0.2%
39.68	1	0.2%
39.66	1	0.2%
39.64	1	0.2%

famhist
Categorical

Distinct	2
Distinct (%)	0.4%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Memory size	3.7 KiB

Absent	270
Present	192

Length

Max length	7
Median length	6
Mean length	6.415584416
Min length	6

Characters and Unicode

Total characters	2964
Distinct characters	8
Distinct categories	2 ?
Distinct scripts	1 ?
Distinct blocks	1 ?

The Unicode Standard assigns character properties to each code point, which can be used to analyse textual variables.

Unique

Unique	0 ?
Unique (%)	0.0%

Sample

1st row	Present
2nd row	Absent
3rd row	Present
4th row	Present
5th row	Present

Common Values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
Absent	270	58.4%
Present	192	41.6%

Length

Histogram of lengths of the category

Category Frequency Plot

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
absent	270	58.4%
present	192	41.6%

Most occurring characters

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
e	654	22.1%
s	462	15.6%
n	462	15.6%
t	462	15.6%
A	270	9.1%
b	270	9.1%
P	192	6.5%
r	192	6.5%

Most occurring categories

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
Lowercase Letter	2502	84.4%
Uppercase Letter	462	15.6%

Most frequent character per category

Lowercase Letter

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
e	654	26.1%
s	462	18.5%
n	462	18.5%
t	462	18.5%
b	270	10.8%
r	192	7.7%

Uppercase Letter

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
A	270	58.4%
P	192	41.6%

Most occurring scripts

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
Latin	2964	100.0%

Most frequent character per script

Latin

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
e	654	22.1%
s	462	15.6%
n	462	15.6%
t	462	15.6%
A	270	9.1%
b	270	9.1%
P	192	6.5%
r	192	6.5%

Most occurring blocks

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
ASCII	2964	100.0%

Most frequent character per block

ASCII

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
e	654	22.1%
s	462	15.6%
n	462	15.6%
t	462	15.6%
A	270	9.1%
b	270	9.1%
P	192	6.5%
r	192	6.5%

typea
Real number (ℝ_≥0)

Distinct	54
Distinct (%)	11.7%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Infinite	0
Infinite (%)	0.0%
Mean	53.1038961

Minimum	13
Maximum	78
Zeros	0
Zeros (%)	0.0%
Negative	0
Negative (%)	0.0%
Memory size	3.7 KiB

Quantile statistics

Minimum	13
5-th percentile	36
Q1	47
median	53
Q3	60
95-th percentile	69
Maximum	78
Range	65
Interquartile range (IQR)	13

Descriptive statistics

Standard deviation	9.817534116
Coefficient of variation (CV)	0.1848740834
Kurtosis	0.4704023399
Mean	53.1038961
Median Absolute Deviation (MAD)	6
Skewness	-0.3464377547
Sum	24534
Variance	96.38397611
Monotonicity	Not monotonic

Histogram with fixed size bins (bins=50)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
52	25	5.4%
57	23	5.0%
54	21	4.5%
50	21	4.5%
49	20	4.3%
60	18	3.9%
56	18	3.9%
55	17	3.7%
61	17	3.7%
47	17	3.7%
Other values (44)	265	57.4%

Minimum 10 values
Maximum 10 values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
13	1	0.2%
20	1	0.2%
25	1	0.2%
26	1	0.2%
28	1	0.2%
29	1	0.2%
30	2	0.4%
31	2	0.4%
32	1	0.2%
33	4	0.9%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
78	1	0.2%
77	1	0.2%
75	1	0.2%
74	2	0.4%
73	2	0.4%
72	4	0.9%
71	2	0.4%
70	5	1.1%
69	7	1.5%
68	6	1.3%

obesity
Real number (ℝ_≥0)

HIGH CORRELATION

Distinct	400
Distinct (%)	86.6%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Infinite	0
Infinite (%)	0.0%
Mean	0.2733598884

Minimum	0.2151395254
Maximum	0.3412503191
Zeros	0
Zeros (%)	0.0%
Negative	0
Negative (%)	0.0%
Memory size	3.7 KiB

Quantile statistics

Minimum	0.2151395254
5-th percentile	0.2465298384
Q1	0.2618649047
median	0.2724698541
Q3	0.285379676
95-th percentile	0.3006890692
Maximum	0.3412503191
Range	0.1261107936
Interquartile range (IQR)	0.02351477135

Descriptive statistics

Standard deviation	0.01707294739
Coefficient of variation (CV)	0.06245593487
Kurtosis	0.5194706974
Mean	0.2733598884
Median Absolute Deviation (MAD)	0.01136377502
Skewness	-0.0002731432448
Sum	126.2922684
Variance	0.0002914855325
Monotonicity	Not monotonic

Histogram with fixed size bins (bins=50)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
0.2765664851	4	0.9%
0.2712753724	4	0.9%
0.2877728395	3	0.6%
0.290740378	3	0.6%
0.2760342845	3	0.6%
0.2903701594	3	0.6%
0.2664394851	3	0.6%
0.2622241365	3	0.6%
0.2716923988	3	0.6%
0.2873647592	3	0.6%
Other values (390)	430	93.1%

Minimum 10 values
Maximum 10 values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
0.2151395254	1	0.2%
0.216749204	1	0.2%
0.2247479836	1	0.2%
0.2278797018	1	0.2%
0.2314553958	1	0.2%
0.2341086104	1	0.2%
0.2348577613	1	0.2%
0.2352860241	1	0.2%
0.237286666	1	0.2%
0.2383360355	1	0.2%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
0.3412503191	1	0.2%
0.3164613359	1	0.2%
0.3160344542	1	0.2%
0.3154684005	1	0.2%
0.3122129618	1	0.2%
0.3115353414	1	0.2%
0.3112657305	1	0.2%
0.3095989586	1	0.2%
0.3069958387	1	0.2%
0.3060392129	1	0.2%

alcohol
Real number (ℝ_≥0)

ZEROS

Distinct	249
Distinct (%)	53.9%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Infinite	0
Infinite (%)	0.0%
Mean	2.263569291

Minimum	0
Maximum	7.364636603
Zeros	110
Zeros (%)	23.8%
Negative	0
Negative (%)	0.0%
Memory size	3.7 KiB

Quantile statistics

Minimum	0
5-th percentile	0
Q1	0.7638851554
median	2.239993375
Q3	3.558795126
95-th percentile	5.370803223
Maximum	7.364636603
Range	7.364636603
Interquartile range (IQR)	2.794909971

Descriptive statistics

Standard deviation	1.799918389
Coefficient of variation (CV)	0.795168231
Kurtosis	-0.6164388224
Mean	2.263569291
Median Absolute Deviation (MAD)	1.379176308
Skewness	0.4009449211
Sum	1045.769012
Variance	3.239706205
Monotonicity	Not monotonic

Histogram with fixed size bins (bins=50)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
0	110	23.8%
1.335201735	16	3.5%
0.7638851554	8	1.7%
2.906330482	5	1.1%
4.510176095	5	1.1%
2.619905482	5	1.1%
2.323592329	5	1.1%
2.334844707	5	1.1%
1.760097511	4	0.9%
1.707536478	4	0.9%
Other values (239)	295	63.9%

Minimum 10 values
Maximum 10 values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
0	110	23.8%
0.5146375139	1	0.2%
0.5834307824	1	0.2%
0.6718629455	2	0.4%
0.7638851554	8	1.7%
0.8151931096	1	0.2%
0.8570448806	2	0.4%
0.8620642522	1	0.2%
0.8865284716	2	0.4%
0.9414545972	1	0.2%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
7.364636603	1	0.2%
7.326461799	1	0.2%
7.300372103	1	0.2%
6.787595021	1	0.2%
6.549994511	1	0.2%
6.506830627	1	0.2%
6.317641959	1	0.2%
6.238303588	1	0.2%
6.119020535	1	0.2%
6.074113131	1	0.2%

age
Real number (ℝ_≥0)

HIGH CORRELATION

Distinct	49
Distinct (%)	10.6%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Infinite	0
Infinite (%)	0.0%
Mean	42.81601732

Minimum	15
Maximum	64
Zeros	0
Zeros (%)	0.0%
Negative	0
Negative (%)	0.0%
Memory size	3.7 KiB

Quantile statistics

Minimum	15
5-th percentile	17
Q1	31
median	45
Q3	55
95-th percentile	62
Maximum	64
Range	49
Interquartile range (IQR)	24

Descriptive statistics

Standard deviation	14.60895644
Coefficient of variation (CV)	0.3412030675
Kurtosis	-1.01622901
Mean	42.81601732
Median Absolute Deviation (MAD)	12
Skewness	-0.3817342585
Sum	19781
Variance	213.4216084
Monotonicity	Not monotonic

Histogram with fixed size bins (bins=49)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
16	20	4.3%
58	17	3.7%
17	17	3.7%
61	16	3.5%
59	16	3.5%
55	16	3.5%
60	15	3.2%
45	14	3.0%
53	14	3.0%
49	14	3.0%
Other values (39)	303	65.6%

Minimum 10 values
Maximum 10 values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
15	3	0.6%
16	20	4.3%
17	17	3.7%
18	8	1.7%
19	2	0.4%
20	6	1.3%
21	3	0.6%
23	2	0.4%
24	6	1.3%
25	4	0.9%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
64	13	2.8%
63	8	1.7%
62	12	2.6%
61	16	3.5%
60	15	3.2%
59	16	3.5%
58	17	3.7%
57	8	1.7%
56	9	1.9%
55	16	3.5%

chd
Categorical

Distinct	2
Distinct (%)	0.4%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Memory size	3.7 KiB

0	302
1	160

Length

Max length	1
Median length	1
Mean length	1
Min length	1

Characters and Unicode

Total characters	462
Distinct characters	2
Distinct categories	1 ?
Distinct scripts	1 ?
Distinct blocks	1 ?

The Unicode Standard assigns character properties to each code point, which can be used to analyse textual variables.

Unique

Unique	0 ?
Unique (%)	0.0%

Sample

1st row	1
2nd row	1
3rd row	0
4th row	1
5th row	1

Common Values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
0	302	65.4%
1	160	34.6%

Length

Histogram of lengths of the category

Category Frequency Plot

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
0	302	65.4%
1	160	34.6%

Most occurring characters

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
0	302	65.4%
1	160	34.6%

Most occurring categories

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
Decimal Number	462	100.0%

Most frequent character per category

Decimal Number

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
0	302	65.4%
1	160	34.6%

Most occurring scripts

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
Common	462	100.0%

Most frequent character per script

Common

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
0	302	65.4%
1	160	34.6%

Most occurring blocks

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
ASCII	462	100.0%

Most frequent character per block

ASCII

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
0	302	65.4%
1	160	34.6%

Auto

The auto setting is an easily interpretable pairwise column metric of the following mapping: vartype-vartype : method, categorical-categorical : Cramer's V, numerical-categorical : Cramer's V (using a discretized numerical column), numerical-numerical : Spearman's ρ. This configuration uses the best suitable for each pair of columns.

Spearman's ρ

The Spearman's rank correlation coefficient (ρ) is a measure of monotonic correlation between two variables, and is therefore better in catching nonlinear monotonic correlations than Pearson's r. It's value lies between -1 and +1, -1 indicating total negative monotonic correlation, 0 indicating no monotonic correlation and 1 indicating total positive monotonic correlation.

To calculate ρ for two variables X and Y, one divides the covariance of the rank variables of X and Y by the product of their standard deviations.

Pearson's r

The Pearson's correlation coefficient (r) is a measure of linear correlation between two variables. It's value lies between -1 and +1, -1 indicating total negative linear correlation, 0 indicating no linear correlation and 1 indicating total positive linear correlation. Furthermore, r is invariant under separate changes in location and scale of the two variables, implying that for a linear function the angle to the x-axis does not affect r.

To calculate r for two variables X and Y, one divides the covariance of X and Y by the product of their standard deviations.

Kendall's τ

Similarly to Spearman's rank correlation coefficient, the Kendall rank correlation coefficient (τ) measures ordinal association between two variables. It's value lies between -1 and +1, -1 indicating total negative correlation, 0 indicating no correlation and 1 indicating total positive correlation.

To calculate τ for two variables X and Y, one determines the number of concordant and discordant pairs of observations. τ is given by the number of concordant pairs minus the discordant pairs divided by the total number of pairs.

Cramér's V (φc)

Cramér's V is an association measure for nominal random variables. The coefficient ranges from 0 to 1, with 0 indicating independence and 1 indicating perfect association. The empirical estimators used for Cramér's V have been proved to be biased, even for large samples. We use a bias-corrected measure that has been proposed by Bergsma in 2013 that can be found here.

Phik (φk)

Phik (φk) is a new and practical correlation coefficient that works consistently between categorical, ordinal and interval variables, captures non-linear dependency and reverts to the Pearson correlation coefficient in case of a bivariate normal input distribution. There is extensive documentation available here.

Count
Matrix

A simple visualization of nullity by column.

Nullity matrix is a data-dense display which lets you quickly visually pick out patterns in data completion.

First rows

	names	sbp	tobacco	ldl	adiposity	famhist	typea	obesity	alcohol	age	chd
0	1	0.000039	2.701920	1.190736	23.11	Present	49	0.274632	6.238304	52	1
1	2	0.000048	0.158489	1.159962	28.61	Absent	55	0.260508	1.335202	63	1
2	3	0.000072	0.364113	1.132812	32.28	Present	52	0.259540	1.707536	46	0
3	4	0.000035	2.238847	1.204164	38.03	Present	51	0.250031	3.580604	58	1
4	5	0.000056	2.840636	1.133462	27.78	Present	60	0.271692	5.051066	49	1
5	6	0.000057	2.074707	1.205287	36.21	Present	62	0.253950	2.885226	45	0
6	7	0.000050	1.749774	1.129514	16.20	Absent	59	0.296955	1.470011	38	0
7	8	0.000077	1.754947	1.164612	14.60	Present	62	0.284761	2.142633	58	1
8	9	0.000077	0.000000	1.143720	19.40	Present	49	0.276566	1.440389	29	0
9	10	0.000057	0.000000	1.192183	30.96	Present	69	0.256163	0.000000	53	1

Last rows

	names	sbp	tobacco	ldl	adiposity	famhist	typea	obesity	alcohol	age	chd
452	454	0.000042	1.981938	1.123350	28.81	Present	61	0.271026	4.493005	42	0
453	455	0.000065	1.206835	1.218579	39.68	Present	36	0.251580	0.000000	51	1
454	456	0.000047	0.836512	1.170320	28.02	Absent	60	0.263303	2.323592	39	1
455	457	0.000061	1.380700	1.109631	26.48	Absent	48	0.280676	4.681496	27	1
456	458	0.000035	0.693145	1.151819	42.06	Present	56	0.246643	1.335202	57	0
457	459	0.000022	0.693145	1.195832	31.72	Absent	64	0.262040	0.000000	58	0
458	460	0.000030	1.775414	1.159962	32.10	Absent	52	0.261453	3.227917	52	1
459	461	0.000086	1.551846	1.047465	15.23	Absent	40	0.301167	3.717181	55	0
460	462	0.000072	1.963168	1.277860	30.79	Absent	64	0.266206	3.563422	40	0
461	463	0.000057	0.000000	1.170320	33.41	Present	62	0.341250	0.000000	46	1

Overview

Variables

Common Values

Length

Category Frequency Plot

Most occurring characters

Most occurring categories

Most frequent character per category

Lowercase Letter

Uppercase Letter

Most occurring scripts

Most frequent character per script

Latin

Most occurring blocks

Most frequent character per block

ASCII

Common Values

Length

Category Frequency Plot

Most occurring characters

Most occurring categories

Most frequent character per category

Decimal Number

Most occurring scripts

Most frequent character per script

Common

Most occurring blocks

Most frequent character per block

ASCII

Interactions

Correlations

Auto

Spearman's ρ

Pearson's r

Kendall's τ

Cramér's V (φc)

Phik (φk)

Missing values

Sample

First rows

Last rows